> For the complete documentation index, see [llms.txt](https://manual-1-3.karamba3d.com/llms.txt). Markdown versions of documentation pages are available by appending `.md` to page URLs; this page is available as [Markdown](https://manual-1-3.karamba3d.com/chinese_1_3_3/3-in-depth-component-reference/3.3-cross-section/3.3.6-beam-joints.md).

# 3.3.6:  梁-铰链 (Beam-Joints) 🔷

一个结构通常由大量需要连接在一起的承重元件组成。在刚性连接时，这种连接件须传递三个截面力（一个轴向力，两个剪切力）和三个力矩（一个扭转力矩和两个弯曲力矩）。因材料类型的不同，这种完全连接有时（如对于木材而言）难以实现，昂贵且较笨重。可通过引入铰链解决该问题。

![图3.3.6.1：承受静荷载的横梁，固定在两个支架上，一端完全断开，形成悬臂](/files/-M9XuTRdPxpPnIyQ169Y)

图3.3.6.1显示了在静荷载作用下两个端点的边界条件完全固定的梁。在其右端，连接件（实际上不再是连接件）与其在梁的支撑处完全分离时，形成悬臂。

连接件的符号与支撑件符号类似：粉红色箭头表示平移连接件，白色圆圈表示力矩铰链。在Karamba3D中，通过在梁的尽端和与其相连接的节点之间插入弹性元件来实现连接。这就需要在实际节点上有足够的支撑条件，以防止他们自由移动。请参见图3.3.6.1，其中的右侧节点必须完全固定，否则系统将处于移动状态。

**“Beam-Joint（梁-铰链）”**运算器允许在梁的起点和终点定义铰链。梁的标识符列表允许用户选择需要用铰链定义的梁。实心圆代表连接的相应自由度。**“T”**代表平移，**“R”**代表旋转。将生成的断面输入**“Assemble（模型构建）”**运算器中的**“Joint（连接）”**输入端。连接轴的方向对应梁所应用的局部坐标系。

有时，连接的刚度介于完全固定和零固定之间。通过输入端口**“Ct-start（Ct起始端）”**和**“Cr-start（Cr起始端）”**，可以在元件初始时分别设置铰链的平移（ $$kN/m$$ ）和旋转（$$kNm/rad$$）刚度，即，**“Ct-end（Ct终端）”**和**“Cr-end（Cr终端）”**可为其终端提供相同的功能。

为使铰链的定义易于优化，可使用输入端口**“Dofs-start”**和**“Dofs-end”**在横梁的端点处设置附带数字列表的铰链。除使用单选按钮手动指定自由度的功能以外，从0到5的整数可以调节要释放的自由度。


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